Abstract concept learning in fish

Abstract concept formation allows animals to group stimuli based on relationships (e.g. sameness/difference) rather than stimulus-specific qualities. Studies in this field have focused primates and birds, but there is growing interest the capabilities of a wider range species gain an understanding differences cognitive abilities across taxa ecological requirements. This review concentrates abstract learning fish. There been only few studies testing these resulted no direct evidence learning. Further experiments following rigorous methodologies are required determine whether all fish truly incapable, or right conditions not yet met for appropriate species.